In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a medical procedure used to assist with conception or prevent genetic problems. During this process, the doctor collects mature eggs from the ovaries and fertilizes them with sperm in a lab. The doctor then transfers the fertilized egg, known as an embryo, to a uterus. One full cycle of IVF takes about three weeks, but sometimes medical teams divide these steps into multiple parts, which can extend the process. Medical professionals can perform the procedure using your own eggs and your partner’s sperm, or they may use eggs, sperm, or embryos from a donor.
Why is In Vitro Fertilization Performed?
IVF is a treatment for infertility or genetic problems, and it is considered when other medical or surgical interventions are unlikely to be effective. If IVF is performed to treat infertility, you and your partner might be able to try less invasive treatment options before attempting IVF, including fertility drugs to increase the production of eggs or intrauterine insemination. Doctors may recommend IVF for the following reasons:
- Fallopian tube damage or blockage: This condition makes it difficult for sperm to fertilize an egg or for an embryo to travel to the uterus.
- Ovulation disorders: If ovulation is infrequent or absent, your body produces fewer eggs for fertilization.
- Endometriosis: This occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus implants and grows outside of the uterus, often affecting the function of the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes.
- Uterine fibroids: Fibroids are benign tumors in the wall of the uterus and are common in women in their 30s and 40s. They can interfere with the implantation of the fertilized egg.
- Impaired sperm production or function: Issues such as low sperm count, poor motility, or abnormal shape can hinder fertilization.
- Unexplained infertility: No cause of infertility has been found despite evaluation for common causes.
What are the Steps of IVF?
The process involves several specific stages that must occur in a precise order. Though experiences differ, IVF generally follows a standard protocol to optimize fertilization and implantation. The primary steps include:
- Ovarian stimulation: You take medication to stimulate your ovaries to produce multiple eggs rather than the single egg that normally develops each month.
- Egg retrieval: The doctor performs a minor surgical procedure to remove the eggs from your ovaries.
- Sperm retrieval: Your partner or a donor provides a sperm sample on the morning of egg retrieval.
- Fertilization: Sperm and eggs are combined in a laboratory to facilitate fertilization. In some cases, the embryologist injects a single sperm directly into the egg.
- Embryo transfer: The doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube called a catheter into your vagina, through your cervix, and into your uterus to place the embryo.
What Do You Need to Do to Prepare for IVF?
Before beginning an IVF cycle using your own eggs and sperm, you and your partner will likely need various screenings. Your doctor will check your ovarian reserve and analyze sperm to assess egg and sperm quality. You will also need screening for infectious diseases like HIV. Your doctor may do a mock embryo transfer to find the best method and depth for placing embryos into your uterus. You will likely have a uterine exam to check the inner lining of the uterus.
Ask a Specialist Today
In vitro fertilization is a complex procedure with many variables. Speak with a fertility specialist to understand your specific options and the likelihood of success for your situation; they can review your medical history and guide you through the preparation and procedure. Contact a fertility clinic today to schedule a consultation and begin your experience.
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